Black hairy tongue is a condition where the small projections on the surface of the tongue, called papillae, grow longer than usual, and a build-up of bacteria, fungi, food debris or other substances gives the tongue a black or dark-coloured, hairy appearance. This condition is usually harmless.
The leading factors that can cause black hairy tongue include:
Inadequate oral hygiene: Insufficient cleaning of the surface of the tongue.
Tobacco use: Smoking or use of other tobacco products.
Coffee and tea consumption: Excessive consumption of these drinks.
Certain medications: Certain antibiotics, etc.
Dry mouth: Insufficient saliva production or dry mouth.
Dietary habits: Excessive consumption of certain foods.
Some measures that can be taken include:
Paying attention to oral hygiene: Regularly brushing the teeth and tongue.
Reducing tobacco and caffeine consumption: Limiting cigarette, coffee and tea consumption.
Drinking plenty of water: Drinking enough water to prevent dry mouth.
Dental check-ups: Monitoring oral health through regular dental check-ups.
Black hairy tongue usually isn't a serious health problem and can be improved through oral hygiene. In some cases, local or systemic medications may be needed to treat a fungal and/or bacterial infection.
In severe or recurrent cases, assessment for systemic infections affecting the immune system (such as HIV) may be needed, along with a review of any additional conditions and/or treatments. If it persists despite taking measures and maintaining oral hygiene, it would be appropriate to consult a dermatologist.