Melanin is a natural pigment that determines the colour of the skin, hair and eyes. It is produced by cells called melanocytes. Melanin's main role is to protect the skin against the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays. When exposed to UV rays, melanin production increases, which causes the skin to tan.
Melanin is divided into three main types
Eumelanin: Produces brown and black tones. More eumelanin means darker skin and hair colour.
Pheomelanin: Responsible for yellow and red pigments. Found in greater amounts particularly in people with red hair.
Neuromelanin: A type found in the nervous system, with certain functions in the brain.
Melanin levels depend on genetic factors, but sunlight, hormones, ageing and certain conditions can also affect melanin production. For example, conditions such as vitiligo lead to loss of melanin, while conditions such as melasma can cause excess melanin to build up in the skin.
From a dermatological point of view, melanin balance is an important factor in pigmentation treatments, evening out skin tone and sun protection. This is why many aesthetic and medical pigmentation treatments focus on regulating melanin production.