Morphea is a type of localised scleroderma characterised by hardening and thickening of the skin, usually forming lesions with clearly defined borders on the surface of the skin. This condition occurs when connective tissue beneath the skin produces excessive amounts of collagen and is usually confined to a specific area of the body. In most cases, morphea only affects the skin and rarely affects internal organs.
The exact cause isn't known, though autoimmune factors are thought to play a role.
Genetics, environmental factors and certain infections may act as triggers.
Morphea usually begins with purplish or reddish, oval or round lesions with well-defined borders.
Over time these areas harden and a noticeable raised area can be felt on the skin's surface. Once hardening begins, the colour of the lesions can become lighter (hypopigmentation).
If the lesions are around a joint, restricted movement can occur.
Subtypes:
Plaque morphea: The most common form, in which several firm, oval plaques form on the skin.
Generalised morphea: Widespread lesions affecting multiple, larger areas are seen.
Linear morphea: Forms lesions in a single line, occurring particularly on the arm, leg and facial area. It's the most common form in children and can lead to restricted joint movement during growth.
Pansclerotic morphea: A rare type that extends down to the deeper layers of the skin and affects quite extensive areas.
Diagnosis is made through physical skin examination and skin biopsy. The biopsy result can show a dense build-up of collagen beneath the skin. Treatment can involve various topical medications, phototherapy and immunosuppressive medications, depending on the severity and extent of the condition.
Morphea usually remains confined to the skin and doesn't affect internal organs in most cases. However, it can leave permanent marks on the skin's appearance. Some cases can resolve on their own over the years, though there is a risk of recurrence.